The confusion between identity and role is coming to an end. In this stage, teenagers become young adults. For Erikson, completing this stage successfully lays a foundation for adulthood. In this stage, young people also discern which activities are appropriate for their age and which are considered “childish.” They must find a compromise between what they expect from themselves and what others expect of them. As they grow, they try to find their purpose and role in society, as well as solidify their unique identity. They find their sexual identity and begin to design an image of the person that they want to be in the future. In the fifth stage, children become teenagers. Hence, it’s important to consider the child’s effort when evaluating a task, separating it from the result. If children don’t perform as well as they desire, a sense of inferiority can develop. If this feeling isn’t addressed adequately and the child doesn’t receive help in managing their emotions, they may end up rejecting any task that’s difficult out of fear of experiencing that feeling again. It’s also important that they begin to gauge the challenges they can realistically face and the ones they can’t. When they complete those tasks, they hope to be recognized.įinding balance in this stage leads children to develop a sense of confidence in their abilities to manage the tasks they’re given. In fact, some children insist on being given more challenging and demanding tasks. They can also recognize their abilities as well as their peers’ abilities. Furthermore, their brains reach a high degree of maturity, which lets them begin to manage abstract topics. Inferiority (5-13 years)Ĭhildren in this stage begin to perform more complicated tasks. Nevertheless, excessive or undeserved guilt can cause children to reject challenges because they don’t feel capable of facing them. Guilt is good in the sense that it shows children’s ability to recognize when they’ve done something wrong. Those who don’t achieve these qualities likely feel a sense of guilt, have doubts, and lack initiative. When they achieve an ideal balance of individual initiative and the willingness to work with others, they develop a sense of purpose.Ĭhildren who are successful in this stage feel confident and trusted to guide others. In Erikson’s third proposed stage, children begin to strengthen their power and control over the world through play, an invaluable framework for social interactions. Erikson believed that striking a balance between autonomy, shame, and doubt would lead to volition, which is the belief that children can act intentionally, within reasonable limits. Thus, by allowing children to make decisions and gain control, parents and caregivers can help children develop a sense of autonomy.Ĭhildren who successfully complete this stage usually have healthy self-esteem, while those who don’t usually feel unstable. By successfully completing tasks on their own, they gain a sense of independence. In the second stage, children acquire a certain degree of control over their bodies, which in turn increases their autonomy. The development of distrust can lead to frustration, suspicion, or insensitivity. If parents don’t provide a safe environment and don’t meet the child’s basic needs, they’ll probably learn not to expect anything from others. If parents expose their child to an affectionate relationship that prioritizes trust, it’s likely that the child will also adopt this position before the world. Because a baby is completely dependent, the development of trust is based on the reliability and quality of the child’s caregivers, especially their mother. Trust has a lot to do with attachment, relationship management, and the extent to which the child expects others to meet their needs. In the first of the development stages, children learn to trust – or not trust – others. But if they manage the stage poorly, the person will be left with a sense of inadequacy in that area of their development. If they manage the stage well, the person will gain a sense of mastery. Thus, each stage of his theory refers to becoming competent in an area of life. But if they don’t effectively overcome those conflicts, they may not develop the skills they need to excel in the following stages.Įrikson also posited that a sense of competence motivated behaviors and actions. Therefore, if a person successfully faces a conflict, they’ll pass that stage with a newfound psychological strength that will benefit them for the rest of their lives. During each stage, the potential for personal growth is high, but the potential for failure is also high. These conflicts are meant to develop (or not develop) a certain psychological quality. Erikson proposed that people experienced a conflict that served as a turning point in their development, like a stimulus for evolution, in each of the stages.
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